"Trade Matters: The African Growth and Opportunity Act" 
Bread for the World Institute
November 2005

"Background Note: The African Growth and Opportunity Act" 
Oxfam America
October 2005 

"Testimony of David Beckmann (Bread for the World) to House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa" 
May 11, 2004

"Written Testimony of Katherine Daniels (Oxfam America) to House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, on the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) Five Year Assessment"
October 20, 2005

"Testimony of Daniel Karanja (Partnership to Cut Hunger and Poverty in Africa) to House Committee on International Relations, Subcommittee on Africa, on the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) Five Year Assessment"
October 20, 2005

"U.S. Trade and Investment Relationship with Sub-Saharan Africa: The African Growth and Opportunity Act and Beyond" 
Congressional Research Service, RL31772
October 2005

"Trade Preferences for Developing Countries and the WTO" 
Congressional Research Service, RS22183
September 2005

"U.S.-South African Customs Union (SACU) Free Trade Negotiations: Background and Potential Issues" 
Congressional Research Service, RS21387
January 2005

"Africa: Development Issues and Policy Options" 
Congressional Research Service, RL32489
July 2004

"AGOA III: Amendment to the African Growth and Opportunity Act" 
Congressional Research Service, RL21772
April 2004

"U.S.-Sub-Saharan Africa Trade and Investment: Programs and Policy Direction" 
Congressional Research Service, RS20063
January 2001

"AGOA, Exports and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa" 
The World Bank
2006

"The ‘new generation of African entrepreneurs’: networking to change the climate for business and private sector-led development" 
University of Florida
January 2005

     Doha

"Aid for trade capacity in poorer countries up by 50 per cent since Doha" 
OECD
12 December 2005

"The Doha Development Round of trade negotiations: understanding the issues" 
OECD
16 January 2006

     Textile and Garment Sector

     Tourism and Travel

NEW: "Measuring and Reporting the Impact of Tourism on Poverty"
International Center for Responsible Tourism
University of Greenwich
June 2006

"Tourism and the Poor" 
Pro Poor Tourism Partnership
March 2004

"Can Tourism Help Reduce Poverty in Africa?" 
Overseas Development Institute
March 2006

"Linking development, indigenous entrepreneurship and tourism"
Southern Illinois University - Edwardsville

"Harnessing tourism for poverty elimination: a blueprint from the Gambia: final report to DFID"
DFID Tourism Challenge Fund Project
2002

"Pro-poor Tourism: Benefit for Locals and More Fun for Tourists?"
id21
May 2006

"How can Tour Operators Contribute to Sustainable Development?"
id21
January 2006

"Does community-based ecotourism really benefit rural people in Tanzania?"
id21
April 2005

Eldis: Tourism and Poverty

NEW: "The Free Trade Future of AGOA"
The Heritage Foundation
5 June 2006

"Stakeholders Seek Ways To Broaden Agoa Opportunities"
AllAfrica.com
12 June 2006

"Beyond Short-Termism: Not on My Watch"
World Economic Forum
28 January 2006

"Next Steps for Africa"
World Economic Forum
27 January 2006

"Manufacturing for Growth"
World Economic Forum
3 June 2005

"Southern Africa: Is the US Trade Agenda Falling Apart at the Seams?"
Church World Service
May 2006

"Kenya: Trade Gap With U.S. Widens As Textile Sales Fall"
The Nation (Nairobi)
April 19, 2006

"Ethiopia: Export to U.S. Under AGOA Said Growing"
The Ethiopian Herald
April 7, 2006

"Africa's Export Growth Highest Since 1980"
Engineering News (S. Africa)
January 20, 2006

"After AGOA, What Next?"
The Nation (Nairobi) 
November 12, 2005

"Benefits of AGOA to Africa Debated in US Congress"
The East African (Nairobi)
November 1, 2005

"Despite Successes, AGOA has had Uneven Impact Across Continent"
U.S. Department of State
September 15, 2005

"African Leaders Complain of Red Tape in Deal with U.S."
Terraviva Online
April 14, 2005

"Benefiting from the International Trading System: How Should Africa Position Itself?"
Africa Economic Summit
2003

      Opinion

"'Win-Win' Deals in Africa Lose on Rights Issues"
Terraviva Online
26 May 2006
China is becoming a force to reckon with on the African continent.

"Africa for the Africans"
Western Mail (Wales)
17 May 2006
Dr Paul Moorcraft argues that Bob Geldof and Tony Blair should leave Africa well alone.

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AGOA Legislation

AGOA I (2000) - "Trade and Development Act of 2000 (Title I)":
Legislation creating the original African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), which offered incentives to African countries to encourage increased trade and investment between the United States and Sub-Saharan Africa through the reduction of tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade, expansion of U.S. assistance for regional integration, negotiation of mutually beneficial and reciprocal trade agreements, and promotion of private sector engagement and democratization.

AGOA II (2002) - "Trade Benefits Under AGOA (Sec. 3108 of the Trade Act of 2002)":
Modifications to AGOA were made by the Trade Act of 2002 to expand trade and investment opportunities for eligible Sub-Sahara African countries and also encourage those countries to use the program.  The modifications also serve as a more specific blueprint for how to govern the textile provisions of AGOA.

AGOA III (2004) - "AGOA Acceleration Act of 2004":
This further modification of AGOA extends imports access from 2008 to 2015 and fabric provisions for third countries until 2007.  In 2007 the cap will be decreased by 50 percent.  This act also permits more broad terminology to be used in defining trade provisions. 

     Trade Legislative Initiatives

[Summary of All Initiatives]

Assistance for Small and Medium Enterprises in Sub-Saharan African Countries Act of 2005 (H.R. 4319)
HR 4319 would provide assistance for private sector development in sub-Saharan African countries. Under the bill, the U.S. government would make available professional, technical, and other resources for capacity building for small- and medium- sized enterprises (SMEs) to promote entrepreneurship, expand the formal sector, and increase trade under the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA).

African Entrepreneurship Act of 2006 (H.R. 5480)
The African Entrepreneurship Act (AEA) is designed to facilitate private sector growth and diversify economies in sub-Saharan Africa by providing U.S. business and technical expertise to small- and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) located in sub-Saharan Africa.

Trade Preference Extension and Expansion Act (H.R. 5070)
The Trade Preferences Extension and Expansion Act aims to promote sustainable development and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa in three ways:  by extending the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) for one year, by amending the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) in order to expand benefits to sub-Saharan African countries, and by expanding duty-free access for agricultural products and assistance to sub-Saharan African agribusiness.

Creation of "Trade Capacity Enhancement Fund (TCEF)" in FY 2007 Foreign Operations Appropriations Bill

House Resolution 461

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NEW: 2006 Comprehensive Report on U.S. Trade and Investment Policy Toward Sub-Saharan Africa and Implementation of the African Growth and Opportunity Act 
U.S. Trade Representative
May 2006

U.S.-Sub-Saharan Africa Trade Data (Current)
U.S. International Trade Commission

U.S.-African Trade Profile (2006)
U.S. Department of Commerce

U.S. Trade with Sub-saharan Africa (2005)
U.S. Department of Commerce

AGOA Competitiveness Report (2005)
U.S. Trade Representative

U.S. Trade and Investment with Sub-Saharan Africa (2004)
U.S. International Trade Commission

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"Statement by Deputy U.S. Trade Representative Karan Bhatia at the African Union Ministerial"
U.S. Trade Representative
April 17, 2006

Video Remarks by President Bush to 2005 AGOA Forum
July 18, 2005

Remarks by President Bush at Signing of 2004 AGOA Acceleration Act
July 13, 2004

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Resources on Business and Economy of Sub-Saharan Africa
Stanford University Library

African Alternative Framework and Arusha African Charter

African Economic Group Organization (AEGO)

African Social Forum (Forum Social Africain)

Africa Trade Network

AGOA.gov
U.S. government AGOA web site

AGOA.info

Centre for Civil Society (Zambia)

Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA)

Enterprise Africa!
Mercatus Center, George Mason University

George Washington University

•  School of Business, Department of Management (http://www.mgtsci.gwu.edu/)
•  School of Business, International Council for Small Business (http://www.icsb.org)

     African SMEs: Products and Contacts

Kickstart: The Tools to End Poverty

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